Linguística alemã
A lingüística alemã é tradicionalmente chamada de filologia na Alemanha, pois há algo de diferença entre filólogos e linguistas [vago]. É aproximadamente dividido da seguinte maneira:
Old High German (Althochdeutsch) 8th – 11th centuriesMiddle High German (Mittelhochdeutsch) 11th – 14th centuriesEarly New High German (Frühneuhochdeutsch) 14th – 17th centuriesModern German (Standard German, German dialectology) 18th – 21st centuries
Além disso, a disciplina examina alemão sob vários aspectos: a maneira como é falada e escrita, isto é, ortografia; declinação; vocabulário; estrutura de sentença; Texto:% s; etc. compara as várias manifestações, como agrupamentos sociais (gírias, textos escritos, etc.) e agrupamentos geográficos (dialetos, etc.).
Estudos de literatura alemães
O estudo da literatura alemã é dividida em duas partes: [Citação necessária] ältere Deutsche Literaturwissenschaft lida com o período desde o início do alemão no início da Idade Média até os tempos pós-medievais em torno de 1750 dC, enquanto a era moderna é coberta por Neuere Deutsche literaturwissenschaft. O campo examina sistematicamente a literatura alemã em termos de gênero, forma, conteúdo e motivos, além de olhar historicamente pelo autor e pela época. As áreas importantes incluem filologia da edição, história da literatura e interpretação textual. As relações da literatura alemã com as literaturas de outras línguas (por exemplo, recepção e influências mútuas) e contextos históricos também são áreas importantes de concentração. O Dicionário de Termos Literários e Literários: Quarta Edição (ISBN 0-14-051363-9) é impressa em inglês, mas contém muitos termos literários em língua alemã que se aplicam cruzadamente no campo da crítica literária; Muitos dos termos do livro se originaram em alemão, mas foram adotados pelos críticos e estudiosos em inglês.
Formação de professores alemães
Pelo menos na Alemanha e na Áustria, os estudos alemães na academia desempenham um papel central na educação dos professores da escola alemã. Seus cursos geralmente cobrem quatro campos:
Linguistics of German (Sprachwissenschaft)German language and literature of up to about 1750 (Ältere Sprache und Literatur)German language and literature since approximately 1750 (Neuere Literaturwissenschaft)Specifics of the didactics of teaching German (Fachdidaktik)
Várias universidades oferecem currículos especializados para professores, geralmente chamados de "Deutsch (Lehramt)". Na Alemanha, eles estão levando a um exame de duas etapas e certificado dos estados federados das autoridades culturais da Alemanha, chamadas Staatsexamen ("Exame do Estado").
História
Como um campo de interesse não sistemático para estudiosos individuais, os estudos alemães podem ser rastreados até a Germania de Tácito. A publicação e estudo de material de origem legal e histórico, como traduções medievais da Bíblia, foram todos realizados durante o renascimento alemão do século XVI, iniciando verdadeiramente o campo dos estudos alemães. Como sujeito universitário independente, os estudos alemães foram introduzidos no início do século XIX por Georg Friedrich Benecke, os irmãos Grimm e Karl Lachmann.
Departamentos universitários e instituições de pesquisa
USDepartment of German Studies, University of Arizona, TucsonGerman Program of the Department of World Languages & Literatures, University of Arkansas, FayettevilleDepartment of German Studies, Brown UniversityDepartment of German, University of California, BerkeleyDepartment of Germanic Languages, University of California, Los AngelesDepartment of German Studies, University of CincinnatiDepartment of Germanic and Slavic Languages and Literatures, University of Colorado, Boulder, CODepartment of Germanic Languages, Columbia UniversityDepartment of German Studies, Cornell UniversityDepartment of German Studies, Dartmouth CollegeDepartment of German, Duke UniversityDepartment of Germanic Languages and Literatures, Harvard UniversityDepartment of Germanic Studies, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, ILDepartment of Germanic Languages and Literatures, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignDepartment of Germanic Studies, Indiana UniversityGerman and Scandinavian Studies, University of Massachusetts AmherstDepartment of Germanic Languages and Literatures, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIDepartment of German, Scandinavian, and Dutch, University of MinnesotaDepartment of German, New York UniversityDepartment of Germanic and Slavic Languages and Literatures, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillDepartment of German, Northwestern UniversityDepartment of Germanic Languages and Literatures, Ohio State University, Columbus, OhioDepartment of Germanic Languages and Literatures, University of PennsylvaniaDepartment of Germanic and Slavic Languages, Pennsylvania State University, PennsylvaniaDepartment of Germanic Languages and Literature, University of Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaDepartment of German, Princeton UniversityDepartment of Germanic Studies, University of Texas at AustinDepartment of Classical & Modern Languages, Truman State University, Kirksville, MissouriDepartment of Germanic and Slavic Languages, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TennesseeDepartment of Germanic and Russian, University of Vermont, Burlington, VermontDepartment of Germanic Languages and Literatures, University of VirginiaDepartment of Germanics, University of Washington, Seattle, WashingtonDepartment of Germanic Languages and Literatures, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MissouriDepartment of German, Nordic, and Slavic, University of Wisconsin – MadisonDepartment of German, Yale UniversityDepartment of Linguistics & Germanic, Slavic, Asian and African Languages, Michigan State UniversityUKDepartment of German, University of OxfordDepartment of German, University of CambridgeDepartment of German, University of ManchesterDepartment of German Studies, University of WarwickAustriaInstitute for German Studies (Institut für Germanistik), University of ViennaCanadaDepartment of German Language and Literature, Queen's University, Kingston, OntarioDepartment of Germanic Languages and Literatures, University of TorontoChinaDepartment of German, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Haidian District, BeijingInstitute of German and European Studies, Tongji University, Yangpu District, ShanghaiCzech RepublicDepartment of German and Austrian Studies, Charles University in PragueDepartment of German Studies, Palacký University in OlomoucIndiaJawaharlal Nehru University IndiaIrelandDepartment of Germanic Studies, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, IrelandDepartment of German, National University of Ireland – University College Cork, Cork, IrelandIsraelBucerius Institute for Research of Contemporary German History and Society – University of HaifaHaifa Center for German and European Studies – University of HaifaGermany
"Estudos alemães" é ensinado em muitas universidades alemãs. Alguns exemplos são:
Germanistisches Seminar der Universität Bonn, Institut für Germanistik, vergleichende Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaft, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnInstitut für deutsche Sprache und Literatur I & II, Albertus-Magnus-Universität zu KölnInstitut für Germanistik I & II, Hamburg UniversityGermanistisches Seminar, Heidelberg University Faculty of Modern LanguagesInstitut für deutsche Philologie, Ludwig Maximilian University of MunichGermanistisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterDeutsches Seminar, Tübingen University Faculty of Modern LanguagesGreeceFaculty of German Language and Literature, National and Kapodistrian University of AthensSchool of German Language and Literature, Aristotle University of ThessalonikiRussiaDepartment of Area Studies, Moscow State UniversitySpainÁrea de Filología Alemana, University of Salamanca
Veja também
Area studiesGerman National Honor Society (Delta Epsilon Phi) in the USGerman Studies AssociationGermanic philologyGermanisches NationalmuseumNew ObjectivitySturm und Drang
Bibliografia
Livros
Atlas Deutsche Sprache [CD-ROM]. Berlin: Directmedia Publishing. 2004.Die Deutschen Klassiker (CD-ROM).Berman, Antoine: L'épreuve de l'étranger. Culture et traduction dans l'Allemagne romantique: Herder, Goethe, Schlegel, Novalis, Humboldt, Schleiermacher, Hölderlin. Paris: Gallimard, 1984. ISBN 978-2-07-070076-9.Beutin, Wolfgang. Deutsche Literaturgeschichte. Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 1992.Bogdal, Klaus-Michael, Kai Kauffmann, & Georg Mein. BA-Studium Germanistik. Ein Lehrbuch. In collaboration with Meinolf Schumacher and Johannes Volmert. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 2008. ISBN 978-3-499-55682-1Burger, Harald. Sprache der Massenmedien. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1984.Ernst, Peter. Germanistische Sprachwissenschaft. Vienna: WUV, 2004.Fohrmann, Jürgen & Wilhelm Voßkamp, eds. Wissenschaftsgeschichte der Germanistik im 19. Jahrhundert. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 1994.Hartweg, Frédéric G. Frühneuhochdeutsch. Eine Einführung in die deutsche Sprache des Spätmittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 2005.Hermand, Jost. Geschichte der Germanistik. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1994. ISBN 978-3-499-55534-3Hickethier, Knut. Film- und Fernsehanalyse. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 1993.Hickethier, Knut, ed. Aspekte der Fernsehanalyse. Methoden und Modelle. Hamburg: Lit, 1994.Hohendahl, Peter Uwe. German Studies in the United States: A Historical Handbook. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2003.Kanzog, Klaus. Einführung in die Filmphilologie. Munich: Schaudig, Bauer, Ledig, 1991.Muckenhaupt, Manfred: Text und Bild. Grundfragen der Beschreibung von Text-Bild-Kommunikation aus sprachwissenschaftlicher Sicht. Tübingen: Gunter Narr, 1986.Prokop, Dieter: Medienprodukte. Zugänge – Verfahren – Kritik. Tübingen: Gunter Narr, 1981.Schneider, Jost, ed. Methodengeschichte der Germanistik. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2009.Schumacher, Meinolf. Einführung in die deutsche Literatur des Mittelalters. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2010. ISBN 978-3-534-19603-6Shitanda, So. "Zur Vorgeschichte und Entstehung der deutschen Philologie im 19. Jh.: Karl Lachmann und die Brüder Grimm", in Literarische Problematisierung der Moderne. Medienprodukte : Zugänge-- Verfahren-- Kritik, ed. by Teruaki Takahashi. Munich: Iudicium, 1992.Van Cleve, John W. and A. Leslie Willson. Remarks on the Needed Reform of German Studies in the United States. Columbia, SC: Camden House, 1993.
Revistas
Acta GermanicaThe Journal of English and Germanic PhilologyJournal of Germanic LinguisticsGerman Studies ReviewNew German CritiqueGermanistik in Ireland