Movimento cultural

Um movimento cultural é uma mudança na maneira como várias disciplinas diferentes abordam seu trabalho. Isso incorpora todas as formas de arte, ciências e filosofias. Historicamente, diferentes nações ou regiões do mundo passaram por sua própria sequência independente de movimentos na cultura, mas à medida que as comunicações mundiais aceleraram essa distinção geográfica se tornou menos distinta. Quando os movimentos culturais passam por revoluções de um para o outro, os gêneros tendem a ser atacados e misturados, e muitas vezes novos gêneros são gerados e os antigos desaparecem. Essas mudanças geralmente são reações contra a forma cultural anterior, que normalmente fica obsoleta e repetitiva. Surge uma obsessão entre os mainstream com o novo movimento, e o antigo cai em negligência-às vezes morre completamente, mas muitas vezes se aproxima em algumas disciplinas e ocasionalmente fazendo reaparecer (às vezes prefixado com "neo-").

Existe um argumento contínuo sobre a definição precisa de cada um desses períodos, e um historiador pode agrupá -los de maneira diferente ou escolher nomes ou descrições diferentes. Além disso, embora, em muitos casos Um fim abrupto e perde o apoio total, como seria sugerido por um intervalo de data. Assim, o uso do termo "período" é um tanto enganador. "Período" também sugere uma linearidade de desenvolvimento, enquanto não foi incomum que duas ou mais abordagens culturais distintas sejam ativas ao mesmo tempo. Os historiadores poderão encontrar vestígios distintos de um movimento cultural antes de seu começo aceito, e sempre haverá novas criações em formas antigas. Portanto, pode ser mais útil pensar em termos de "movimentos" amplos que têm começos e finais difíceis. No entanto, para a perspectiva histórica, serão fornecidas algumas faixas de data aproximada para cada um para indicar a "altura" ou o tempo aceito do movimento.

Este artigo atual abrange movimentos culturais ocidentais, europeus e americanos. Eles foram, no entanto, paralelos aos movimentos culturais no Oriente e em outros lugares. No final do século XX e início do século XXI, na Tailândia, por exemplo, houve uma mudança cultural para longe dos valores sociais e políticos ocidentais mais para japoneses e chineses. Além disso, essa cultura revigorou conceitos monárquicos para acomodar mudanças estaduais da ideologia ocidental em relação à democracia e monarquias.

Movimentos culturais

Graeco-RomanThe Greek culture marked a departure from the other Mediterranean cultures that preceded and surrounded it. The Romans adopted Greek and other styles, and spread the result throughout Europe and the Middle East. Together, Greek and Roman thought in philosophy, religion, science, history, and all forms of thought can be viewed as a central underpinning of Western culture, and is therefore termed the "Classical period" by some. Others might divide it into the Hellenistic period and the Roman period, or might choose other finer divisions.See: Classical architecture — Classical sculpture — Greek architecture — Hellenistic architecture — Ionic — Doric — Corinthian — Stoicism — Cynicism — Epicurean — Roman architecture — Early Christian — NeoplatonismRomanesque (11th century & 12th centuries)A style (esp. architectural) similar in form and materials to Roman styles. Romanesque seems to be the first pan-European style since Roman Imperial Architecture and examples are found in every part of the continent.See: Romanesque architecture — Ottonian ArtGothic (mid 12th century until mid 15th century)See: Gothic architecture — Gregorian chant — NeoplatonismNominalismRejects Platonic realism as a requirement for thinking and speaking in general terms.Humanism (16th century)RenaissanceThe use of light, shadow, and perspective to more accurately represent life. Because of how fundamentally these ideas were felt to alter so much of life, some have referred to it as the "Golden Age". In reality it was less an "Age" and more of a movement in popular philosophy, science, and thought that spread over Europe (and probably other parts of the world), over time, and affected different aspects of culture at different points in time. Very roughly, the following periods can be taken as indicative of place/time foci of the Renaissance: Italian Renaissance 1450–1550. Spanish Renaissance 1550–1587. English Renaissance 1588–1629.Protestant ReformationThe Protestant Reformation, often referred to simply as the Reformation, was a schism from the Roman Catholic Church initiated by Martin Luther, John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and other early Protestant Reformers in the 16th century Europe.MannerismAnti-classicist movement that sought to emphasize the feeling of the artist himself.See: Mannerism/ArtBaroqueEmphasizes power and authority, characterized by intricate detail and without the "disturbing angst" of Mannerism. Essentially is exaggerated Classicism to promote and glorify the Church and State. Occupied with notions of infinity.See: Baroque art — Baroque musicRococoNeoclassical (17th–19th centuries)Severe, unemotional movement recalling Roman and Greek ("classical") style, reacting against the overbred Rococo style and the emotional Baroque style. It stimulated revival of classical thinking, and had especially profound effects on science and politics. Also had a direct influence on Academic Art in the 19th century. Beginning in the early 17th century with Cartesian thought (see René Descartes), this movement provided philosophical frameworks for the natural sciences, sought to determine the principles of knowledge by rejecting all things previously believed to be known about the world. In Renaissance Classicism attempts are made to recreate the classic art forms — tragedy, comedy, and farce.See also: Weimar ClassicismAge of Enlightenment (1688–1789): Reason (rationalism) seen as the ideal.Romanticism (1770–1830)Began in Germany and spread to England and France as a reaction against Neoclassicism and against the Age of Enlightenment.. The notion of "folk genius", or an inborn and intuitive ability to do magnificent things, is a core principle of the Romantic movement. Nostalgia for the primitive past in preference to the scientifically minded present. Romantic heroes, exemplified by Napoleon, are popular. Fascination with the past leads to a resurrection of interest in the Gothic period. It did not really replace the Neoclassical movement so much as provide a counterbalance; many artists sought to join both styles in their works.See: SymbolismRealism (1830–1905)Ushered in by the Industrial Revolution and growing Nationalism in the world. Began in France. Attempts to portray the speech and mannerisms of everyday people in everyday life. Tends to focus on middle class social and domestic problems. Plays by Ibsen are an example. Naturalism evolved from Realism, following it briefly in art and more enduringly in theatre, film, and literature. Impressionism, based on 'scientific' knowledge and discoveries concerns observing nature and reality objectively.See: Post-impressionism — Neo-impressionism — Pointillism — Pre-RaphaeliteArt Nouveau (1880–1905)Decorative, symbolic artSee: TranscendentalismModernism (1880–1965)Also known as the Avant-garde movement. Originating in the 19th century with Symbolism, the Modernist movement composed itself of a wide range of 'isms' that ran in contrast to Realism and that sought out the underlying fundamentals of art and philosophy. The Jazz age and Hollywood emerge and have their hey-days.See: Fauvism — Cubism — Futurism — Suprematism — Dada — Constructivism — Surrealism — Expressionism — Existentialism — Op Art — Art Deco — Bauhaus — Neo-Plasticism — Precisionism — Abstract expressionism — New Realism — Color field painting — Happening — Fluxus — Hard-edge painting — Pop Art — Photorealism — Minimalism — Postminimalism — Lyrical abstraction — SituationismPostmodernism (since c.1965)A reaction to Modernism, in a way, Postmodernism largely discards the notion that artists should seek pure fundamentals, often questioning whether such fundamentals even exist – or suggestion that if they do exist, they may be irrelevant. It is exemplified by movements such as deconstructivism, conceptual art, etc.See: Postmodern philosophy — Postmodern music — Postmodern artPost-postmodernism (since c.1990)

Veja também

Art movementList of art movementsCritical theoryCultural imperialismCultural sensibilityHistory of philosophyPostliterate societyPeriodizationSocial movement