Cidades e ilhas flutuantes em ficção

Cidades e ilhas do mar

As ilhas flutuantes do mar foram encontradas na literatura desde que a Odyssey de Homer, escrita perto do final do século VIII aC, descreveu a ilha de Aeolia. Eles reaparecem em Plínio a história natural do ancião do século I.C.

O romance de 1673 de Richard Head, The Floating Island, descreve uma ilha fictícia chamada Scotia Moria. Nas viagens do doutor Dolittle, os personagens navegam para uma ilha flutuante, que mais tarde se torna fixada no lugar. Na história da DC Comics da Mulher Maravilha, Themyscira é um grupo de ilhas flutuantes. Na Ilha Propeller de Jules Verne, os personagens estão em uma ilha flutuante artificial que é realmente um navio enorme. Na nova vida de Yann Martel, há uma ilha flutuante.

Cidades e ilhas transportadas pelo ar

Terra

No tratado de Grandine et tonitruis ("On Hail and Thunder", 815), o bispo Carolingian Agobard, de Lyon, descreve Magônia, um domínio da nuvem povoado por marinheiros aéreos criminosos.

No romance de Jonathan Swift, a cidade ilha de Laputa foi revelada que estava flutuando no céu. Laputa supostamente levitou através do uso do magnetismo artificial. Era principalmente um dispositivo fictício que pretendia satirizar as propostas pseudo-científicas exageradas.

Voltei e percebi um vasto corpo opaco entre mim e o sol, avançando para a ilha; Parecia ter cerca de três quilômetros de altura e escondeu o sol seis ou sete minutos. [...] O leitor dificilmente pode conceber meu espanto, ver uma ilha no ar, habitada por homens, que são capazes (como deveriam parece) levantar, afundar ou colocar em um movimento progressivo, como eles quisessem.

Durante a década de 1920, o autor de ficção científica Hugo Gernsback especulou sobre cidades flutuantes do futuro, sugerindo que 10.000 anos daí "a cidade do tamanho de Nova York flutuará vários quilômetros acima da superfície da terra, onde o ar é mais limpo, mais puro e livre de doenças que transportam bactérias ". Para permanecer no ar, "quatro geradores gigantescos dispararão raios elétricos terrestres que, por reação com a terra, produzem a força para manter a cidade no ar".

Em 1960, os arquitetos Buckminster Fuller e Shoji Sadao propuseram a construção de um dirigível térmico de 1,6 km de diâmetro (1,6 km), que eles chamaram de nuvem nove. Essa megaestrutura seria uma esfera geodésica que, uma vez que fosse suficientemente aquecida pela luz solar, se tornaria no ar. Fuller e Sadao imaginaram que Cloud Nine flutuaria livremente na atmosfera da Terra, dando aos moradores e passageiros um estilo de vida migratório. Eles acreditavam que poderia ser uma solução parcial para o esgotamento de recursos não renováveis.

Uma equipe como Buckminster Fuller e Shoji Sadao - foi encomendada pelo Departamento de Habitação e Desenvolvimento Urbano dos Estados Unidos para projetar a cidade de Triton, uma cidade flutuante destinada a fornecer moradia perto de Tóquio ou Baltimore. A proposta pedia módulos em forma de tetraedro que apoiam grandes blocos de moradias de 5.000 habitantes cada, e que seriam ancorados no solo. Um grande modelo do habitat está em exibição no saguão da Biblioteca Presidencial Johnson em Austin, Texas.

Na história de Isaac Asimov, Shah Guido G., o secretário-geral hereditário das Nações Unidas ("Sekjen") é um tirano que governa a terra de uma ilha voadora chamada Atlantis.

Vênus

Um design semelhante ao Cloud Nine de Fuller pode permitir a habitação na atmosfera superior de Vênus, onde no nível do solo a temperatura é muito alta e a pressão atmosférica muito grande. Conforme descrito científica e ficcionalmente por Geoffrey A. Landis, o planeta mais fácil (exceto a Terra) para colocar as cidades flutuantes neste momento parecem ser Vênus. Como a atmosfera espessa de dióxido de carbono é 50% mais densa que a atmosfera da Terra, o ar respirável com uma composição semelhante a este último é um gás de elevação na atmosfera venereina densa, com mais de 60% do poder de elevação que o hélio tem na Terra. A uma altitude de 50 km acima da superfície venereina, o ambiente é o "mais semelhante a terra no sistema solar", de acordo com Landis, com uma pressão de aproximadamente 1 bar e temperaturas que variam entre 0-50 ° C (32-122 ° F ).

Outros planetas

Além de Vênus, cidades flutuantes foram propostas na ficção científica em vários outros planetas. Por exemplo, as cidades flutuantes também podem permitir a liquidação dos três gigantes externos de gás, pois os gigantes do gás não têm superfícies sólidas. Júpiter não é promissor para habitação devido à sua alta gravidade, velocidade de fuga e radiação, mas os outros gigantes de gás do sistema solar (Saturno, Urano e Netuno) podem ser mais práticos. Em 1978, o projeto da Sociedade Interplanetária Britânica, Daedalus, imaginou fábricas flutuantes nas atmosferas de Júpiter refinando o Helium-3 para produzir combustível para uma investigação interestelar. Michael McCollum observa que a gravidade "superfície" de Saturno (isto é, na camada visível da nuvem, onde a pressão atmosférica é aproximadamente a mesma da Terra) está muito próxima da da terra e, em seu romance, as nuvens de Saturno, ele As cidades visualizadas flutuando na atmosfera saturna, onde a flutuabilidade é fornecida por envelopes de hidrogênio aquecidos por reatores de fusão. Urano e Netuno também têm gravidades da atmosfera superior comparáveis ​​às da Terra e ainda mais baixas de velocidades de fuga que Saturno. Cecelia Holland povoou Júpiter, Saturno e Urano com humanos mutantes, o estilo, em cidades flutuantes em seu único romance de SF, Floating Worlds (1975). O romance de Donald Moffitt, Jovian (2003), apresenta cidades flutuantes para sempre flutuando na atmosfera joviana, uma empresa que vale a pena devido à sua capacidade de extrair gases úteis. O livro concentra -se nas diferenças culturais (e nas tensões políticas) que se desenvolvem entre humanos "jovinos" e os terrestres.

Exemplos fictícios

Literatura

A floating city called "Laputa" is the third destination that Lemuel Gulliver visit's in Johnathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels.Sky Island is a 1912 book by L. Frank Baum with the titular area split between the Kingdom of the Blues and the Pinks.The Flying Islands Of The Night (1913) by James Whitcomb Riley, with illustrations by Franklin Booth."Cities in the Air" by Edmond Hamilton (Air Wonder Stories, November–December 1929).The novel Orion Shall Rise by Poul Anderson features an aerostat city called Skyholm, located above – and dominating – a post-apocalyptic France.The Tangled Lands, a collection of short stories by Paolo Bacigalupi and Tobias S. Buckell, references a lost city called Jhandpara that was once powered by magical means but became consumed by magic-seeking brambles.In the novel The Ringworld Engineers, Louis Wu seeks a way to save the Ringworld by bartering for information in the library of a floating city.Airhaven is a floating city in the Mortal Engines Quartet, that, through attaching gas bags, lifted itself into the air to avoid cities trying to eat it according to Municipal Darwinism.There are numerous floating habitats on the Venus-like planet Chilo in Tobias S. Buckell's novel Sly Mongoose. Buckell credits Geoffrey A. Landis with providing the background information on the floating cities.Saga of Seven Suns by Kevin J. Anderson has giant, occupied gas-mining platforms that mine the hydrogen necessary to, among other things, distill into ekti, a vital stardrive fuel.Charles Stross's novel Saturn's Children begins in a floating city on Venus.Geoffrey A. Landis's novel The Sultan of the Clouds features floating cities in the Venus atmosphere and orbital airships.In Hannu Rajaniemi's novel The Quantum Thief, the Mars colony began as a slave-labor latifundium. After war developed, all entities began taking turns being the beings who kept the city rolling (and deflecting the permanent attack vectors that had been created during the war). The city kept rolling, with everyone's help.The Cities in Flight series by James Blish propose a universe in which cities cast adrift from the Earth, powered by a fictional spindizzy drive."The War of Powers" series by Robert E. Vardeman and Victor Milán features a Sky City ruled by a race of human overlords called the Sky born who conquered the city from its original reptilian inhabitants. The city is powered by dark magic and floats in a set pattern over 5 surface cities.In the 1992 novel, Snow Crash, by Neal Stephenson, a floating collection of refugee craft are attached surrounding the decommissioned nuclear aircraft carrier, the USS Enterprise, to form The Raft.The mobile floating pirate city-state of Armada in China Miéville's novel The Scar (2002) has accreted in the seas of Bas-Lag from multiple ships and boats over centuries of development.In Paul Stewart and Chris Riddell's The Edge Chronicles series, Sanctaphrax is a city-state built upon an enormous floating rock. It was the seat of knowledge and academia in The Edge. It was lost to Open Sky after it's anchor-chain became un-tethered during a violent storm.

Cinema e televisão

In the 1936 film serial Flash Gordon, Prince Vultan and his winged Hawkmen dwell in Sky City, a metropolis that floats in the sky.Cloud City on the planet Bespin, in the Star Wars film The Empire Strikes Back.Stratos, on the planet Ardana, in Star Trek episode "The Cloud Minders".Hayao Miyazaki's animated film Castle in the Sky (1986) involves a floating city hidden in the clouds called "Laputa", a name borrowed from Swift's Gulliver's Travels.In Firefly episode "Trash", the planet Bellerophon is the site of dozens of floating estates with "gracious living, ocean views and state-of-the-art security."Atlantis from the Stargate universe is a "city-ship" which is capable of flight and intergalactic travel. Due to the amount of power required to keep it airborne, it is frequently shown floating on water, but it could theoretically float at a fixed location in space.The Nox of Stargate SG-1 have floating cities.Supertown is the floating city of the New Gods that appears in the Justice League (2001) episode "Twilight".The main setting in the 2004–2007 2D animated TV series Dragon Hunters and its 3D movie-prequel.In the anime film Steamboy (2004), a "Steam Castle" was shown, which was essentially a floating city, kept in the air by means of steam that was directed towards the soil.In Avatar (2009), the Hallelujah Mountains are large floating islands that feature as a battlefield in the climax of the film.Metro City in the film Astro Boy (2009) is floating above the surface.In the manga and anime series One Piece, there are Sky Islands, cities built on a specific type of cloud that has hard, land-like properties, allowing civilizations to have ground to traverse and build on using the same cloud material, along with an ocean-like cloud throughout, making it a close parallel to a normal earthbound island. The unique environment of the Grand Line, an equatorial ocean that circles the globe and possesses all matter of mythical weather patterns, islands and equally mythical sea-behemoths, allows for these Sky Islands to occur regularly – yet are so rarely witnessed even the denizens of the legendary Grand-Line perceive them as a myth.In the 2011 animated TV series ThunderCats, a race of Birdmen live above the clouds in a technological floating city named Avista, powered and suspended in mid-air by the Tech Stone, one of Mumm-Ra's four Power Stones.The animated television show My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic depicts a city made entirely of clouds called Cloudsdale, a pun on the Clydesdale horse breed.In the animated web-series RWBY, the city of Atlas floats directly over the city of Mantle. The power to make it float comes from the Relic of Creation, housed in a vault underneath the city.In the 2013 movie Elysium, the wealthiest class of humanity lives in an advanced toroidal-shaped space station orbiting the Earth at a high altitude.The 2019 movie Alita: Battle Angel based on the manga Gunnm by Yukito Kishiro involves a wealthy sky city named Zalem.The anime television series Girls und Panzer features "school ships": massive ships that contain a school campus and a town on their surface.The animated series, She-Ra and the Princesses of Power, has the magical floating island, called Mystacore.

Videogames

The game Deponia features a floating city known as Elysium.The skyborne metropolis of Caldoria in The Journeyman Project and its remake Pegasus Prime.In Minecraft, an alternate realm from the main game world can be accessed, known as the End. It is composed of islands of light yellow rock floating in a void, populated by gangly ominous-looking humanoid creatures called Endermen and cities in the outer regions. Additionally, players can download the Aether mod to be able to travel to a dimension of islands floating in the sky.Tales of Symphonia features a floating city named Exire, home to the outcast Half-Elves.Chrono Trigger features the Kingdom of Zeal, a floating island based magical kingdom, encountered in 12000 BCE.City in the Sky, the seventh dungeon level of The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess.Skyloft, the town in which The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword begins.Metroid Prime 3: Corruption features SkyTown, a research facility suspended within the atmosphere of a gas giant named Elysia.Mother 3 features a floating city named New Pork City which also appears in Super Smash Bros. Brawl.There are several floating cities in the games Skies of Arcadia and Skies of Arcadia Legends.In World of Warcraft, Dalaran is a major city that floats above Crystalsong Forest in the center of Northrend.The setting of the Eclipse Phase role-playing game includes floating cities on Venus and Saturn.Columbia, the setting for the game BioShock Infinite.Sonic the Hedgehog 3 and Sonic Adventure feature Angel Island, an island that floats using the power of the Master Emerald.Vane, the city of magicians of Lunar: Silver Star Harmony.Phantasy Star featured an Air Castle, home of the main villain.Final Fantasy features the Floating Castle, a floating city that resembles a space station.Final Fantasy V features a floating city named the Ronka Ruins.Final Fantasy XII has several in the form of solid earth islands suspended in the air by mystically charged stones inherent to the earth making up the foundation of the floating city, with Bhujerba being the only one visited and seen firsthand in the game.Final Fantasy XIV: Heavensward features several floating islands within the Sea of Clouds in Abalathia's Spine, the Churning Mists in Dravania, and the Allagan colony of Azys Lla, all of which feature current or historic human settlements.Sanctuary, the floating hub city of Borderlands 2.Glitzville, from Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door, is a small city that floats above Rogueport and its surrounding areas.The RPG Xenogears features a floating city-airship named Solaris.Skyborn is a commercial RPG Maker game which features a floating city.Xenoblade Chronicles is a science fiction role-playing video game for the Wii which features a floating city, Alcamoth.Tokyo Wakusei Planetokio is a science fiction adventure video game for the Sony PlayStation where the main action takes place in floating cities.Kimino Yusha is a science fiction role-playing video game for the Nintendo DS which features a floating land, Midalias.In RuneScape, each clan is assigned to a floating island built by Armadyl, called a "Clan Fortress".Cave Story is set entirely on a floating island.In LittleBigPlanet 3, Bunkum Lagoon is a floating city in the sky that is located on Planet Bunkum (however, the name suggests that it is located on water and sea creatures feature heavily in this stage of the game).In the Skylanders franchise, the world of Skylands consists of many floating islands.The game Project Nomads features a world of floating islands, one of which is controlled by the player.Fortnite's battle royale mode previously had a floating island, held up by a giant purple cube, that was powered by a crack in time. The cube went on to let of an explosion that destroyed the island. The island was only in-game from September 27th to November 4th 2018.The Academy faction towns in Heroes of Might and Magic V, are Magocracy-controlled floating cities known as the Silver Cities.Black Skylands is set the fictional floating continent of Aspya.In Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus, the Nazis successfully established a floating city on top of a tall mountain, the city was abandoned after they were forced to pull their forces from America due to a revolution taking place.Apex Legends features a map named Olympus, a vibrant futuristic city flying high above the planet Psamathe.In Genshin Impact, the mysterious floating island known as Celestia (Chinese: 天空岛) looms high in the skies over the continent of Teyvat, and is said to be the realm of the gods.

Outro

The sky island of Doctor Einmug whom Mickey Mouse meets in comic strips.In one comic story Scrooge McDuck finds a floating island by watching satellite images.The webcomic Dresden Codak includes the city of Nephilopolis, a city constructed in the wreckage of a giant floating ancient robot.A flying island appears in the music videos for the Gorillaz songs "Feel Good Inc." and "El Mañana", where it is shot down by helicopters. It then reappears, partially repaired, in the music video for the song "DoYaThing".Floating Islands frequently appear in the work of Roger Dean. One example is the album cover for An Evening of Yes Music Plus.The crashed remains of the flying city-state of Aeor appear in Campaign two of the web series Critical Role, and the City of Avalir appears as the main setting for the limited campaign Exandria Unlimited: Calamity.

Veja também

Aerospace architectureCloud Nine (tensegrity sphere)Very large floating structureWorld Turtle