Conservador-Restor
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Conservação e restauração
Essencialmente, o termo "conservação" refere -se a uma maneira de cuidar ou tratamento que repara danos e também toma medidas para evitar ou diminuir a deterioração de um objeto. O termo "restauração" refere -se a uma maneira de cuidar ou tratamento em que o objetivo é trazer um objeto de volta à sua aparência ou função original. "Restauração" pode fazer parte do cuidado e tratamento de um objeto e é um subconjunto do termo guarda -chuva "Conservação". Ambos os termos entram em jogo quando se trata de tratamento e cuidado de todo o patrimônio cultural.
Responsabilidades e deveres
Conservadores e restauradores cuidam, gerenciam, tratam, preservam e documentam muitos itens históricos diferentes, incluindo artefatos, arte e espécimes.
Examining artifacts, both visually and using scientific tools such as x-rays, infrared photography and microscopic analysis to determine the extent and causes of deterioration. Conservation science (sometimes called museum science) aids every aspect of a museum's mission to study its collections, both inside and out of the laboratory.Maintaining full conservation records by documenting the condition of an object or site, including any previous restoration work and to outline treatment methods and materials in detail. Documentation ensures the careful recording of treatment procedures and materials so there can be no misunderstanding in the future about what is part of the original work of art and what has been added or altered by the conservatorProducing a visual record of the object for identification purposes and to illustrate its condition. The examination of the object, treatment proposal, and the actual treatment is documented with written reports and photographsMonitoring and recording display and storage conditions with the aim of keeping objects in a stable condition. Preservation is the ultimate goal of conservation. By taking into account the possible day-to-day stresses caused by an object's environment, museum conservators do their best to preserve art for generations to come.Proposing and estimating the costs of treatments to halt decay and stabilize an artifact. Conservators, present a proposal for work to be done as well as a report on the completion of the treatment.Restoration to bring a deteriorated or damaged object or structure closer to a previous or assumed appearance or function. Although conservators cannot exactly recapture the original appearance, they are able to make highly educated decisions about how to restore an object if they identify the materials from which it was made and fully understand their properties.Organizing the logistics of long-term projects and collaborating with other conservators. This collaboration can take place when items are on loan or when outside help is needed for complex conservation projects.Working out creative solutions to clean, support and repair sensitive objects. Ultimately, just as every object is unique, every conservation decision must be considered on its own and on a case-by-case basis.Developing and maintaining appropriate standards within the specialist area. Critical information can be lost and an object permanently damaged when things are cared for without basic guidelines and information.Keeping up to date with the latest conservation techniques and practices, through research and training. Conservation is a young profession, which means it continues to evolve over time and conservators must be able to keep up to date with the latest trends.Advising on procedures for the safe exhibition and travel of cultural materials . Museum conservators strive to maintain the integrity of each work of art throughout its life, whenever it is handled, stored, displayed, or shipped to other locations for exhibitions.Direct and supervise curatorial, technical, and student staff in the handling, mounting, care, and storage of art objects. Other museum departments look to conservators and restorers for direction on safety procedures when it comes to objects in the museum's collection.Recommend preservation procedures, such as control of temperature and humidity, to curatorial and building staff. The most important step you can take to ensure the preservation of any collection is to create a safe display and storage environment that will not cause further deterioration of the objects.Conhecimento e habilidades
Working knowledge of the vocabulary of conservation and scientific methodology in order to effectively examine an object, assess its state, understand its history, and articulate its needs.Must have a firm grasp of philosophical precepts expressed in the AIC Code of Ethics and Guidelines for Practice (in the United States) in order to formulate a treatment. The conservator must understand that it's important to respect the integrity of the object and that his or her actions should not jeopardize the long-term preservation of the object.Understanding and appreciation of the aesthetic, cultural, economic, historical, political, religious, scientific, and social values of objects, buildings and sites. This understanding and appreciation are critically important when devising preservation and conservation plans, strategies, and treatments.Working knowledge of how materials constituting cultural heritage were acquired, modified, processed, or manufactured and how craft or manufacturing techniques and processes have evolved through time.Possess knowledge of the chemical and physical properties and long-term behavior of a wide range of materials and whether these materials were used in the original fabrication of an object or in its subsequent treatment and preservation.Must be aware of issues that arise from the ways that culturally significant materials will be accessed or used by society.Knowledge of the context in which cultural heritage is used, as context may be critically important to understanding its condition, formulating appropriate treatment and recommending future care.Knowledgeable about safety in the workplace and must carry out his or her practice in compliance with federal, state, and logical regulations.Working knowledge of scientific principles as they apply to conservation, including how to access and use scientific literature and how to assess the validity of published research in conservation and allied fields.Ability to recognize and understand the changes that occur in cultural heritage over time and be able to distinguish the cause of the changes (natural, chemical, physical, biological, or by human influence).Versed in the many ways in which light, relative humidity, temperature, and pollutants can influence the long-term preservation of cultural heritage and must be familiar with techniques, equipment, and resources that can assist in managing these important environmental factorsAbility to conduct a safe, thorough examination of cultural materials in order to gather relevant information about their condition and to formulate an appropriate plan for preservation and treatment.Know which tools and techniques are appropriate, how extensive the examination should be, and how or whether to perform external, intrusive, and occasionally destructive sampling.Understand the purposes of documentation and must be knowledgeable and proficient in appropriate methods of written and pictorial documentation as well as in the maintenance and preservation of the body of information produced during examination and treatment.Awareness of various treatment methods available as well as their effects on different types of cultural heritage, based on an understanding of condition, natural use, cultural, historic, and scientific significance, and, if applicable, the artist's or maker's intent.Educação e treinamento
Graduação e pós -graduação
Os conservadores podem receber treinamento por meio de aprendizados, estágios e programas de pós -graduação. Para ser aceito em um programa de pós -graduação nos Estados Unidos, eles precisarão cumprir alguns pré -requisitos de graduação. Isso inclui cursos de graduação em ciências, humanidades (história da arte, antropologia e arqueologia) e Studio Art. Alguns programas de pós -graduação também podem exigir um estágio, voluntário, aprendizagem ou experiência de conservação paga. Muitos também podem exigir uma entrevista pessoal em que os candidatos sejam solicitados a apresentar um portfólio de trabalhos de projeto de arte e conservação que demonstrem destreza manual e familiaridade com técnicas e materiais. Os programas de pós-graduação geralmente exigem dois a quatro anos de estudo, que também podem incluir um estágio em período integral no último ano em que os alunos trabalham sob a orientação de conservadores experientes. Há também um número limitado de Ph.D. Programas para estudo avançado em conservação. Os programas relacionados à conservação são descritos nos sites da AIC, do Conselho Nacional de Educação de Preservação (NCPE) e da Sociedade de Arquivistas Americanos (SAA).
Bolsas de pós-graduação
As bolsas de pós-graduação também foram citadas como experiências valiosas em seu desenvolvimento profissional. Essas bolsas fornecem pesquisas, práticas e exposição intensivas a diversos funcionários profissionais ou coleções significativas. Algumas instituições que oferecem bolsas de estudos incluem The Getty Foundation, o Smithsonian's Museum Conservation Institute e o Straus Center of Harvard Art Museums.
Desenvolvimento profissional contínuo
A especialidade da conservação está em constante mudança e em evolução, o que significa que os conservadores praticantes devem manter-se atualizado sobre os avanços em tecnologia e metodologia. Os conservadores geralmente expandem seus conhecimentos através da leitura de publicações, participando de reuniões profissionais e se matricularem em oficinas ou cursos de curto prazo. A AIC oferece muitos workshops, conferências e cursos e tutoriais on -line. A conservação on -line (Cool) também oferece recursos para profissionais de conservação.
Áreas de especialidade
Alguns conservadores são especializados em um determinado material ou grupo de objetos, como arqueologia, cerâmica e vidro, móveis e madeira, douradas e superfícies decorativas, interiores históricos, metais, pinturas, papel e livros, materiais fotográficos, manchados, pinturas de pedra e parede , têxteis, esculturas e arquitetura.
Archaeological conservationArchitectural conservationBooks, manuscripts, and documentation conservationCeramic conservationGlass conservationHistoric garden conservationHistoric Site conservationIvory conservationMetal conservationMusical instrument conservationPainting conservationPhotograph conservationTextile conservationWooden furniture conservation
Ética
O objetivo principal para conservadores e restauradores é a preservação da propriedade cultural. Para atingir esse objetivo, os conservadores cumprem um código de ética e diretrizes que estabelecem os princípios que orientam os profissionais de conservação e outros envolvidos no atendimento a propriedades culturais. Um exemplo de um código de ética e diretrizes para a prática foi criado pelo Instituto Americano de Conservação de Obras Históricas e Artísticas (AIC). Um dos princípios mais importantes do código de ética de um conservador é que os tratamentos devem ser reversíveis, o que significa que é necessário desfazer qualquer tratamento no futuro. Os conservadores se esforçam para minimizar apenas intervenções e não alterar completamente um objeto durante a restauração. A conservação se concentra nos aspectos materiais da arte, e o respeito aos materiais originais continua sendo um elemento crucial da ética do campo.