Lista de calendários
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Lista de calendários
Na lista abaixo, são fornecidos calendários específicos, listados pelo tipo de calendário (solar, lunisolar ou lunar), tempo de introdução (se conhecido) e o contexto de uso e agrupamento cultural ou histórico (se aplicável). Quando apropriado, o grupo regional ou histórico (calendário hijri, maia, asteca, egípcio, mesopotâmico, iraniano, hindu, budista, pré-colombiano mesoamericano, helênico, derivado juliano ou gregório).
Os calendários se enquadram em quatro tipos: lunisolar, solar, lunar e sazonal. A maioria dos calendários pré-modernos é lunisolar. Os calendários sazonais dependem de mudanças no ambiente (por exemplo, "estação chuvosa", "estação seca") em vez de observações lunares ou solares. Os calendários islâmicos e budistas são lunares, enquanto a maioria dos calendários modernos é solar, com base nos calendários julianos ou gregorianos.
Alguns calendários listados são idênticos ao calendário gregoriano, exceto para substituir os nomes do mês regional ou usar uma época de calendário diferente. Por exemplo, o calendário solar tailandês (introduzido em 1888) é o calendário gregoriano usando uma época diferente (543 aC) e nomes diferentes para os meses gregorianos (nomes tailandeses com base nos sinais do zodíaco).
NameTypeGroupIntroductionUsageCommentsVikram samwatLunisolarIndianAncient IndiaIndia/NepalThe Vira Nirvana Samvat (era) is a calendar era beginning on 7 October 527 BCE. It commemorates the Nirvana of Lord Mahaviraswami, the 24th Jain Tirthankara. This is one of the oldest system of chronological reckoning which is still used in India.Egyptian calendarfixed (365 days)EgyptianBronze AgeMiddle KingdomThe year is based on the heliacal rising of Sirius (Sothis) and divided into the three seasons of akhet (Inundation), peret (Growth) and shemu (Harvest). The heliacal rising of Sothis returned to the same point in the calendar every 1,460 years (a period called the Sothic cycle). Umma calendarlunisolarMesopotamianBronze AgeSumer/MesopotamiaRecorded in Neo-Sumerian records (21st century BC), presumably based on older (Ur III) sources.Pentecontad calendarsolarMesopotamianBronze AgeAmoritesA Bronze Age calendar in which the year is divided into seven periods of fifty days, with an annual supplement of fifteen or sixteen days for synchronisation with the solar year.Four Seasons and Eight NodessolarChineseBronze Age(?)ChinaThe years is divided into four seasons, and each season is divided into a festival and three months. The start and middle of each season is the key node of the year.Gezer CalendarlunarMesopotamian1000 BCIsrael/CanaanThe years are divided into monthly or bi-monthly periods and attributes to each a duty such as harvest, planting, or tending specific crops.Roman calendarlunisolarRoman713 BCRoman RepublicBased on the reforms introduced by Numa Pompilius in c. 713 BC.Six Ancient CalendarslunisolarChineseIron AgeChinaSix classical (Zhou era) calendars: Huangdi, Zhuanxu, Xia, Yin, Zhou's calendar and Lu.Nisg̱a'aseasonal / lunisolarIndigenous North America[citation needed]Nisg̱a'aThe Nisga’a calendar revolves around harvesting of foods and goods used. The original year followed the various moons throughout the year.HaidalunarIndigenous North America[citation needed]HaidaThe Haida calendar is a lunar calendar broken into two seasons (winter and summer) of six months each with an occasional thirteenth month between seasons.InuitseasonalIndigenous North America[citation needed]InuitThe Inuit calendar is based on between six and eight seasons as solar and lunar timekeeping methods do not work in the polar regions.Haab'fixed (365 days)Pre-Columbian (Maya)1st millennium BC[citation needed]MayaTzolk'infixed (260 days)Pre-Columbian (Maya)1st millennium BC[citation needed]MayaXiuhpohuallifixed (365 days)Pre-Columbian (Aztec)[citation needed]AztecsTonalpohuallifixed (260 days)Pre-Columbian (Aztec)[citation needed]AztecsAttic calendarlunisolar (354/ 384 days)Hellenic6th century BCClassical AthensThe year begins with the new moon after the summer solstice. It was introduced by the astronomer Meton in 432 BC. Reconstructed by Academy of Episteme.Old Persian calendarlunisolar(?)Iranian4th century BC(?)Persian EmpireBased on earlier Babylonian/Mesopotamian modelsSeleucid calendarlunisolarHellenic/Babylonian4th century BCSeleucid EmpireCombination of the Babylonian calendar, ancient Macedonian (Hellenic) month names and the Seleucid era.Genesis CalendarlunisolarChineseHan dynastyChinaIntroduced the "month without mid-climate is intercalary" rule; based on a solar year of 365385⁄1539 days and a lunar month of 2943⁄81 days (19 years=235 months=693961⁄81 days).Ptolemaic calendarlunisolarEgyptian238 BCPtolemaic EgyptThe Canopic reform of 238 BC introduced the leap year every fourth year later adopted in the Julian calendar. The reform eventually went into effect with the introduction of the "Alexandrian calendar" (or Julian calendar) by Augustus in 26/25 BC, which included a 6th epagomenal day for the first time in 22 BC.Julian calendarsolarRoman45 BCWestern WorldRevision of the Roman Republican calendar, in use in the Roman Empire and the Christian Middle Ages, and remains in use as liturgical calendar of Eastern Orthodox Churches.Kurdish calendarsolarKurdishKurdistanKurdistan Regionis a calendar used in the Kurdistan region of Iraq alongside the Islamic and Gregorian calendar. The First day in this month is called "Newroz" it means "New Day". The start of the calendar is marked by the Battle of Nineveh, a conquest of the Assyrians by the Medes and the Babylonians in 612 BC. Coptic calendarsolarEgyptian1st century[citation needed]Coptic Orthodox ChurchBased on both the Ptolemaic calendar and the Julian calendarGe'ez calendarsolarEthiopian1st century[citation needed]Ethiopia, Ethiopian Christians, Eritrea, Eritrean Christiansthe calendar associated with Ethiopian and Eritrean Churchs, based on the Coptic calendarBerber calendarsolarJulianIn Roman timesNorth AfricaJulian calendar used for agricultural work.Qumran calendrical textsfixed (364 days)—c. 1st century[citation needed]Second Temple JudaismDescription of a division of the year into 364 days, also mentioned in the pseudepigraphical Book of Enoch (the "Enoch calendar").Gaulish calendarlunisolarGauls/Celts (no longer in use)Iron AgeGauls/CeltsEarly calendars used by Celtic peoples prior to the introduction of the Julian calendar, reconstruction mostly based on the Coligny calendar (2nd century), which may be partially influenced by the Julian calendar.Zoroastrian calendarfixed (365 days)Iranian3rd centurySassanid PersiaBased on both the Old Persian and Seleucid (Hellenic) calendars. Introduced in AD 226, reformed in AD 272, and again several times in the 5th to 7th centuries.Chinese Calendar, Dàmíng originlunisolarChinese510ChinaCreated by Zu Chongzhi, most accurate calendar in the world at its inventionJapanese calendarlunisolarChinese-derived6th centuryJapanUmbrella term for calendars historically and currently used in Japan, in the 6th century derived from the Chinese calendarChinese Calendar, Wùyín originlunisolarChinese619ChinaFirst Chinese calendar to use the true moon motionIslamic calendarlunarMuslim632IslamBased on the observational lunisolar calendars used in Pre-Islamic Arabia. Remains in use for religious purposes in the Islamic world.Pyu calendarlunisolarHindu/Buddhist-derived640[dubious – discuss]mainland Southeast AsiaTraditional calendar of Southeast Asia, in use until the 19th century. Traditionally said to originate in 640 (the calendar era) in Sri Ksetra Kingdom, one of the Burmese Pyu city-states.Nepal SambatlunarBuddhist/ Hindu9th centuryNepalA lunar Buddhist calendar traditional to Nepal, recognition in Nepal in 2008.Byzantine calendarsolarJulian988Ecumenical Patriarchate of ConstantinopleJulian calendar with Anno Mundi era in use c. 691 to 1728.Armenian calendarfixed (365 days)Iranianmedieval[citation needed]medieval ArmeniaCalendar used in medieval Armenia and as liturgical calendar of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Derived from the Zoroastrian (or related medieval Iranian calendars such as the Sogdian/Choresmian ones ). It uses the era AD 552. In modern Armenian nationalism, an alternative era of 2492 BC is sometimes used.Bulgar calendarsolarBulgarianBronze AgeVolga BulgariaA reconstruction based on a short 15th-century transcript in Church Slavonic called Nominalia of the Bulgarian Khans, which contains 10 pairs of calendar terms.Florentine calendarsolarJulianMedievalRepublic of FlorenceVariant of the Julian calendar in use in medieval FlorencePisan calendarsolarJulianMedievalRepublic of PisaVariant of the Julian calendar in use in medieval PisaTamil calendarsolarHinduAncientTamil NaduThe Hindu calendar used in Tamil NaduNepali calendarsolarHindu/ BuddhistMedievalNepalOne of the Hindu calendarsBengali calendarlunisolarBengaliMedievalBengalRevised in 1987.Thai lunar calendarlunisolarHindu/BuddhistMedievalThailandA Buddhist calendarPawukon calendarfixed (210 days)Hindu[citation needed]BaliOld Icelandic calendarsolar10th centurymedieval IcelandPartly inspired by the Julian calendar and partly by older Germanic calendar traditions. Leap week calendar based on a year of 364 days.Jalali calendarsolarIranian1079Seljuk SultanateA calendar reform commissioned by Sultan Jalal al-Din Malik Shah IHebrew calendarlunisolarBabylonian/Seleucid-derived11th/12th centuryJudaismRecorded by Maimonides in the Mishneh Torah, resulting from various reforms and traditions developing since Late Antiquity. The Anno Mundi era gradually replaced the Seleucid era in Rabbinical literature in the 11th century.Tibetan calendarlunisolarBuddhist/Chinese-derived13th centuryTibetThe Kalacakra, a Buddhist calendar introduced in 13th-century TibetSeasonal InstructionsolarChinese1281ChinaBased on a solar year of 365.2425 (equal to the Gregorian year)Runic calendarsolarJulian13th centurySwedenA written representation of the Metonic cycle used in medieval and early modern Sweden, allowing to calculate the dates of the full moons relative to the Julian date. The introduction of the Gregorian calendar in Sweden in 1753 rendered the runic calendars unusable.Six Imperial Calendars (ß)solarChineseMing dynastyChinaIn use 1368-1644Incan calendarlunisolarPre-Columbian15th centuryInca EmpireMuisca calendarlunisolarPre-Columbian15th centuryMuiscaComplex lunisolar calendar with three different years, composed of months divided into thirty days. After the Spanish conquest of the Muisca Confederation in present-day central Colombia in 1537 first replaced by the European Julian and as of 1582 the Gregorian calendar.Chula SakaratlunisolarBurmese16th centurySoutheast AsiaGregorian calendarsolarJulian-derived1582worldwideIntroduced as a reform of the Julian calendar in the Roman Catholic church, since the 20th century in de facto use worldwide.Javanese calendarlunarIslamic influenced1633JavaBased on the Hindu calendar using the Saka era (78 CE), but changed to the lunar year following the Islamic calendar.Seasonal ConstitutionsolarChinese1645ChinaFirst Chinese Calendar to use the true motion of the sun.Swedish calendarsolarJulian-derived1700SwedenPart of the controversy surrounding the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, in use 1700–1712.Astronomical year numberingsolarJulian-derived1740AstronomyA mixture of Julian and Gregorian calendar, giving dates before 1582 in the Julian calendar, and dates after 1582 in the Gregorian calendar, counting 1 BC as year zero, and negative year numbers for 2 BC and earlier.French Republican CalendarsolarGregorian1793First French RepublicIn use in revolutionary France 1793 to 1805.PancronometersolarGregorian1745—Universal Georgian Calendar proposed by Hugh JonesRumi calendarsolarJulian1839Ottoman EmpireJulian calendar using the Hijri era introduced in the Ottoman Empire.Positivist calendarSolarGregorian1849—Solar calendar with 13 months of 28 days.Badí‘ calendarsolarBaháʼí1873BaháʼíUses a year of 19 months of 19 days each and a 1844 era. Also known as the "Baháʼí Calendar" or the "Wondrous Calendar".Thai solar calendarsolarGregorian1888ThailandThe Gregorian calendar but using the Buddhist Era (543 BC)Invariable CalendarsolarGregorian1900—Gregorian calendar with four 91-day quarters of 13 weeksInternational Fixed CalendarsolarGregorian1902—A "perpetual calendar" with a year of 13 months of 28 days each.Minguo calendarsolarGregorian1912Republic of ChinaMonths and days use the Gregorian calendar, introduced in China in 1912.Revised Julian calendarsolarJulian-derived1923some Orthodox churchescurrently synchronized with the Gregorian calendar, but different leap rule and cycle (900 years), also called Meletian calendar or Milanković calendar, after Serbian scientist Milutin Milanković who developed it.Solar Hijri calendarsolarIranian/Islamic1925Iran, AfghanistanNew Year is the day of the astronomical vernal equinox. The calendar as introduced in 1925 revived Iranian month names but counted the years of the Hijri era. The era was changed in 1976 to 559 BC (reign of Cyrus the Great), but was reverted to the Hijri era after the Iranian Revolution.Era FascistasolarGregorian1926ItalyEpoch is 29 October 1922; in use from 1926–1943Soviet calendarsolarGregorian1929Soviet UnionGregorian calendar with 5- and 6-day weeks, used during 1929 to 1940.World CalendarsolarGregorian1930—Perpetual calendar with 1–2 off-week days, preferred and almost adopted by the United Nations in 1950sPax CalendarsolarGregorian1930—Leap week calendarPataphysical calendarsolarGregorian1949—Absurdist variant of the Gregorian calendar by Alfred Jarry.Indian national calendarsolarGregorian-derived1957Republic of IndiaGregorian calendar with months based in traditional Hindu calendars and numbering years based on the Saka era (AD 78).Assyrian calendarlunarBabylonian1950sAssyrianismLunar calendar with an "Assyrian era" of 4750 BC, introduced in Assyrian nationalism in the 1950sDiscordian calendarsolarGregorian1963DiscordianismCalendar invented in the context of the absurdist or parody religion of Discordianism, Gregorian calendar variant with a year consisting of five 73-day seasons.World Season CalendarsolarGregorian1973—Divides the year into four seasons.Dreamspelllunar/solar galacticMayan1990esotericism13 months of 28 days each, synchronized with the Maya 260-day Tzolkin, calibrated to the Chilam Balam timing systemsTranquility CalendarsolarGregorian1989—Modification of the International Fixed Calendar, starting with moon landing on 20 July 1969 Holocene calendarsolarGregorian1993—The Gregorian calendar with the era shifted by 10,000 years.Juche era calendarsolarGregorian1997North KoreaGregorian calendar with the era 1912 (birth of Kim Il-sung)Nanakshahi calendarsolarGregorian-derived1998SikhismGregorian calendar with months based in traditional Hindu calendars and numbering years based on the era 1469.Symmetry454solarGregorian2004—Leap week calendar with 4:5:4 weeks per monthHanke-Henry Permanent CalendarsolarGregorian2004—Leap week calendar with 30:30:31 days per month, revised in 2011 and 2016Igbo calendarlunarIndigenous West African2009Igbo peopleProposal based in Igbo tradition dating back to 13th century, 13 lunar months of 28 days divided into seven 4-day periods, plus leap days.Nomes de meses variantes
Nomes regionais ou históricos para LUNAÇÕES ou MESES JULIANOS/GREGORIANOS
TraditionculturecommentsGermanic calendarGermanicMedieval records of Germanic names of lunar months later equated with the Julian months.Berber calendarBerberreconstructed medieval Berber-language names of the Julian months used in pre-Islamic (Roman era) North AfricaLithuanian calendarLithuaniaLithuanian names for the Gregorian months and days of the week, officially recognized in 1918.Rapa Nui calendarEaster IslandsThirteen names of lunar months recorded in the 19th century.Xhosa calendarXhosa people[clarification needed]TurkmenTurkmenistanTurkmen names officially adopted in 2002 following Ruhnama by president-for-life Saparmurat Niyazov.Hellenic calendarsHellenistic GreeceA great variety of regional month names in Ancient Greece, mostly attested in the 2nd century BC.Slavic calendarSlavicLocal month names in various Slavic countries, based on weather patterns and conditions, and agricultural activities that take place in each respective month.Romanian calendarRomania and MoldovaTraditional names for the twelve months of the Gregorian calendar, which are usually used by the Romanian Orthodox Church.Semanas fora do padrão
Informações adicionais: semana e oito dias semanas
Traditionweek lengthcommentsBalivariousKorea5 days[citation needed]Java - (Pasaran)5 daysDiscordian5 daysAkan6 daysA traditional "six-day week" which combined with the Gregorian seven-day week gave rise to a 42-day cycle.Ancient Rome8 daysThe Roman nundinal cycle.Burmese8 daysCeltic8 daysreconstructed. Baltic9 daysLinguistic reconstruction[citation needed]; the Gediminas Sceptre indicated that a week lasted for nine days during King Gediminas' reign.Chinese10 daysEgyptian Calendar10 daysThe 10-day period was known as decans or decadesFrench Republican Calendar10 daysAztecs13 daysTrecena, division of the Tonalpohualli 260-day period